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A second threat posed by the US unilateralism could be felt by the rules-based multilateral trading system. The post-War framework of trade rules, now governed by the WTO, imposes strict disciplines on countries, according to which no country can take unilateral action against its trade partner. Although the President did not clarify as to how his proposed "reciprocal tax" would be designed or implemented, this proposal was bound to draw ominous parallels with the infamous Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930. Many analysts have argued the trade wars were responsible for deepening the economic crisis arising from the stock market crash in 1929 and causing the Great Depression of the 1930s.Several countries have either threatened to retaliate or have retaliated against the targeting of their imports by the United States. The objectives of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act were almost identical to those laid out by President Trump, namely, to protect jobs in American industry and agriculture by shielding the domestic industries from import competition, using tariffs on a large number of products.

In recent months, the administration’s affront to the WTO has dipped to a new low through its non-cooperation over the appointment of the appellate body members of the organisation. For instance, India’s agricultural subsidies were severely questioned in the WTO, even when these subsidies are completely WTO compliant. India has already notified to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) its decision to impose safeguard duties on 30 products imported from the United States. Over the past year, the United States has repeatedly vetoed the appointment of new members on the Appellate Body, thus undermining the functioning of the Body.In the initial days, many analysts were of the view that the "deal-maker" in President Trump had taken this strong posture merely to enter into negotiations with the targeted countries.US President Donald Trump made the big announcement on March 1, of imposing higher tariffs on imports of steel and aluminium from a number of countries, including India. These targeted actions against Chinese imports for intellectual property violations became the centrepiece of the Trump administration’s tariff war with its largest trade partner. By initiating this latest move of tariff wars, the Trump administration is challenging the very existence of the post-war multilateralism in trade, which, despite its limitations, has made efforts to bring order to the global trade by binding the sovereign states an extensive set of rules. This disregard for the WTO rules is not new for the Trump administration.The challenge thrown by the Trump administration to the multilateral trading system is not limited to the issue considered here.In the weeks following the first announcement, most of the focus of President Trump’s protectionism was China. Similarly, subsidies given by the Indian government on exports have also been brought under the scanner. Further, President Trump is seeking to impose additional 10 per cent tariffs on 0 billion worth of Chinese imports. The appellate body performs a critical role in the WTO’s dispute settlement process, since it reviews the decisions of dispute settlement panels when it is approached to do so. This implies that trade partners of the United States would not be able to Rubber seal Manufacturers get their complaints against Trump-protectionism redressed using the dispute settlement rules of the WTO because of its broken Appellate Body. Over the past year, the administration has undermined the multilateral trading system through a systematic process of non-engagement. The decision of the appellate body is final and binding on the members as WTO rules do not allow review of the decisions made by the appellate body.

The Trump administration is treading precisely this path of unilateralism, and it is doing so in violation of all WTO rules. It was announced that additional import duties of 25 per cent would be imposed on more than 800 products and that the Customs and Border Protection will begin to collect the additional duties on July 6, 2018. The tariff increases were justified to protect the domestic industries on the grounds of "national defence" and "national security". The coverage of products, followed by the swift response by China made it clear this sequence of events would not only sow the seeds of uncertainty in the global economy at a critical juncture, but have, more importantly, it would trigger the unsavoury prospects of a trade war, reminiscent of the 1930s.. The Trump Presidency has already succeeded in creating serious headwinds in the form of higher crude oil prices through their action against Iran. In the wake of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, trade partners of the US imposed retaliatory tariffs, restricting access to American products in their markets. Besides, the firming of the interest rates in the world’s largest economy is already being felt by a number of key currencies. The largest trading countries were targeted for pursuing "unfair trade practices" and for violating intellectual property rights of the American companies.

A further evidence of the earnestness of the United States Trade Administration to target its imports, especially from China, came on June 16. First, these actions are being taken at a time when the global economy is showing signs of finally emerging from the shadows of the economic recession of 2008. The move draws ominous parallels with the infamous Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 which led to the great American depression of 1930S. The appellate body has 7 members, but at beginning of October, it would have only 3 members. But this argument soon became questionable when the United States Trade Administration began taking additional measures against the target countries. The global economy has therefore been pushed to the knife-edge by the reckless measures on the trade front.Prior to embarking on the path of unilateral trade protectionism that was part of his strategy to "Make America Great Again", the US President had suggested that he would push for the imposition of "reciprocal tax" against countries using tariffs on American products. Beginning with the imposition of safeguard duties on washing machines and solar panels, President Trump made the big announcement on March 1, of imposing higher tariffs on imports of steel and aluminium from a number of countries, including India.United States’ trade protectionism poses a grave threat to the global economy on two counts. Since the beginning of the year, the President of the United States has embarked on the high-risk ploy of targeting the trade interests of a number of the country’s major partners

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh mouthpiece Organiser characterised him as one "deeply rooted in the ideological stream of the RSS". He asserted his independence within a short time.V. So did the prime minister, Narendra Modi. The first president, Rajendra Prasad sought to grab power for himself less than two months after assuming the presidency. Fifth, there is now a practice where the President can receive opposition leaders who may came on their own or with a delegation, to lodge a protest against the government. Third, the President is entitled to admonish and even censure the Prime Minister in private." China o-ring Manufacturers Indira Gandhi was hardly the person who would suffer an "uncle" as president. Like all prime ministers, Narendra Modi wanted a "safe" person in the Rashtrapati Bhavan.Granville Austin’s criticism of the president is apt: "Had his first attempt to ignore conventional restrictions and to play the part of his own prime minister not been foiled, parliamentary government in India would have disappeared before it was two years old.

Narayanan emulated him and strongly condemned the killings of a missionary and his son by RSS affiliate Bajrang Dal.Eighth, not only the Opposition parties but the chief ministers also invoke the President’s moral authority as "guardian of the Constitution". Seventh, the power of dismissal of the government cannot be exercised except on extreme grounds mentioned in authoritative works. Only rarely are public expressions of disquiet considered proper.The Indian presidency truly came into its own only in 1992, 40 years after the constitution came into force, with the election of Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma as president.A successor Zail Singh began as a rubber stamp under Indira Gandhi but became a dangerous problem when her son and successor Rajiv Gandhi snubbed him. Twice, in 1987, he contemplated dismissing the prime minister.Indian practice has yielded conventions which are well recognised.

The American ambassador, Chester Bowles, recorded: "On several occasions, he expressed to me in a half-joking manner the wish that somehow after Nehru’s death or retirement, the whole country could operate under "president rule" for a few months. She refused him a second term.On December 6, 1992, when the Babri Mosque was demolished, he had a statement issued: "The president, Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma, has strongly deplored vandalism that has caused damage to the masjid in Ayodhya and has observed that such acts are absolutely against the doctrine and practice of Hinduism and all other great religions. The retiring president Pranab Mukherjee did not emulate these examples when lynching of Muslims in the cow protection campaign became endemic."His successor K.By arrangement with Dawn. He sent Nehru a note dated March 21, 1950, in which he sought to reopen the very issue on which, in his presence, the Constituent Assembly had decided. Having successfully worked hard to become president, he had no desire to rock the boat. His successor Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed became infamous for signing the Proclamation of Emergency in 1975 when he knew that the conditions warranted no such measure. She selected her own favourite and got him elected, splitting the Congress.Sixth, the President is not bound to accept a request by the Prime Minister’s to dissolve the lower house and can exercise his judgment.On July 25, Ram Nath Kovind was sworn in as India’s 14th President.R. The question whether the President has a right to address Parliament or send mesغير مجاز مي باشدes to it in his own discretion is open. A fawning media lauded him to the skies. Giri was the first "rubber-stamp" president.

If he had not been deterred, Zail Singh would have plunged the country into a deep crisis.Za****** Husain, a model president, died after a heart attack in 1969. The president is a constitutional head of state in a parliamentary democracy in which the prime minister is the chief executive. Fourth, he has a right to know.Second, within limits, Presidents can comment on affairs of the state in public. V. The Congress party overruled Indira Gandhi, and selected her critic as candidate for the presidency. He contented himself with uttering careful comments which would not hurt the BJP but were so couched as to pass for criticism."His successor, Dr S. In his very first speech on July 25 Ram Nath Kovind made known his fealty to the BJP’s creed. Hence the need to keep a safe man in the President’s house.India’s presidents have been a varied lot. He was neither a rubber stamp nor an intriguer but a constitutional head alive to his limits and to his duties. First, the president is entitled, to question the government’s bills, appointments, and policy proposals particularly judicial appointments and imposition of direct central rule in the state. Radhakrishnan was ambitious and also addicted to intrigue

"Cash back provided by group companies of marketplace entity to buyers shall be fair and non-discriminatory.Ecommerce marketplace will have to file a compliance report to RBI by September 30 of every China wholesale Rubber Products year for the preceding financial year. First some e-commerce firms had floated new firms in India in association with Indian partners.With Lok Sabha polls due in 2019, the government can no longer afford to ignore offline retailers as they are a large voter base in the country.. These new companies then were listed as sellers on their platform to offer products at discount. Moreover, etailers have been banned from exclusive marketing arrangements that could influence product price. "Post sales, delivery of goods to the customers and customer satisfaction will be responsibility of the seller," said the FDI rules.The move, which will come into effect from February 1, 2019, comes at a time when the Centre is under pressure from brick-and-mortar retailers who were complaining that their business had been impacted due to deep discounts given by the e-commerce firms.It said ecommerce companies will have to provide services to vendors on the platform at arm’s length and in a fair and non-discriminatory manner.

To overcome this, firms had adopted a marketplace model, where other sellers could sell products on their platforms.The DIPP on Wednesday announced new rules for FDI policy on ecommerce, including to bar etailers from entering into an agreement for exclusive sale of products. The new rules put a brake on them.New Delhi: In a setback for online marketplaces such as Flipkart and Amazon, the Centre on Wednesday barred them from selling products on their platforms from sellers in which they have a stake.As per the current FDI rules, ecommerce firms with foreign investment are barred from directly selling products to consumers (also known as inventory-led model).Ecommerce firms, with foreign investment will not directly or indirectly influence the sale price of goods or services to consumers, DIPP announced on Wednesday.Such an ownership or control over the inventory will render the business into inventory-based model.These etailers will have to maintain a level playing field among different sellers including on cash back offers given to promote products.This it was allegedly done in two ways. "Inventory of a vendor will be deemed to be controlled by ecommerce marketplace entity if more than 25 per cent of purchases of such vendor are from the marketplace entity or its group companies," it said.It said that ecommerce firms will have to provide name, address and other contact details of the seller. For the purposes of this clause, provision of services to any vendor on such terms which are not made available to other vendors in similar circumstances will be deemed unfair and discriminatory," it said. After today, such complaints may see many fold rise.

Many e-commerce firms have already tied up with a number of to sellers —called preferential sellers — to sell products during sale period to overcome this 25 per cent clause. "Ecommerce marketplace may provide support services to sellers in respect of warehousing, logistics, order fulfillment, call centre, payment collection and other services," it said.There were complaints that the ecommerce firms were using some select sellers to sell products at deep discount to gain market share. Already there are complaints that many sellers sell counterfeit products.In second case, some etailers had tied up with some sellers to offer discounts.It said that ecommerce entity providing a marketplace will not exercise ownership or control over the inventory — goods purported to be sold. However, the new rules may impact the quality of products sold on the ecommerce platforms as they will have no control on sellers

Their office is the home kitchen. Infact, even men are preferring the goodness of these products!Organic make-upperRubeina Karachiwalla began her explorations in the kitchen, and today she offers organic make-up at rubysorganics.Even as some Indian brands rule the retail, and international chains open stores here, a very mindful and responsible family of believers decided to go basket in hand, pick the choicest organic ingredients, to create beauty that our grandmothers would probably nod wisely at.At the age of 25, she started researching on organic makeup, and was surprised to find many American and European brands. For her, making women happier was the inspiring factor. Yes, responsibility to others, and to the ecological disaster the world is heading towards is their biggest concern.6 per cent."The mantra is paraben-free, vegetarian, non-animal tested, chemical and preservative-free. Ridding the beauty industry of chemicals, infusing purity into regimes with magical potions, natural ingredients and pure oils.

Bengalurean Sapna Rao decided to embrace this wholesome goodness with her line of exotic soaps, scrubs and balms, bringing wholesome beauty and responsible consumerism, and she also makes soaps for pooches. Sunayana Walia’s Raw Beauty offers a slew of home-grown organic products in Jalandhar while Bindu Chopra, an NCR-based home غير مجاز مي باشدmetics whiz, China wholesale Rubber Products has, with Ahad, given aloe vera gels, clay packs, frankincense soaps, neem, tulsi etc. The scrubs, face packs are made by me using coffee, organic sugar, virgin olive oil, multani mitti, tulsi, neem, rose, rock salt etc," she explains, adding, "Ahad means unique or matchless. "I started with hand-crafted soaps I bought from my friend, now partner, Ruchi Kanwar who makes the soaps. Sustainability and environmental consciousness are the need of the hour. With a market share pegged at Rs 45,000 crore and growing, the Indian diaspora is seeing an indigenous and thriving resurgence of such home-based products.in."Bindu ChopraBindu has 138 customers on her WhatsApp group Wake Up Woman that is an exhaustive encyclopaedia on natural regimes, with tips and new ways to beauty. I had never paid attention to what goes inside products, but my curiousity led me to discover a number of toxic ingredients present in regular make-up brands. "Consumers are becoming more conscious and responsible. a new lease of life. I wanted to create something that would not only look good but simultaneously help improve skin," says the organic sourcer who is now working on a new range of lipsticks, eyeliners and foundations.- Rubeina KarachiwallaPure perfectionsFor Bindu Chopra, a certified Aura analyst and a clinical hypnotherapist, aromatic soaps, face washes, packs and perfumes were a passion.

Our society is looking for credibility and reliability as غير مجاز مي باشدmetics are crammed with parabens, allergens, carcinogens, synthetics, fragrances and fillers with harmful effects on us and the environment," says Rubeina who saw this void and worked really hard (with no background in beauty) to find a solution. "Earlier, I was spending a lot on available brands in the market, with a craving for something natural and earthy," explains the lady who created her organic brand Ahad in the NCR area.The girl who wanted to detoxify beauty regimes says, "Growing up, like every other teenager, I was fascinated with beauty products and غير مجاز مي باشدmetics.

I felt this sense of guilt every time I was burdening my skin with make-up and it bothered me to a point where I had to find a way to make make-up healthier. "We would like to move into skin and hair care," says Rubeina.They are today’s cleanse-preneurs or purity seekers.Her products: range between Rs 450 to Rs 1,200A bronzer with minerals,natural and organic eye shadow, orange and cinnamon lip balm, concealers made of oil and clay, lipsticks with mango and shea butters and antioxidant oils of almond and castor among others. With 13 soaps, four scrubs, six creams, three shampoos and hair conditioners, she has 30 products. I just had to. With their tiny home boutiques across India, their products with aroma oils, smoked lavender, rose, cinnamon, clay, honey, coconut, aloe vera, lemon grass, black sea salt, fruits and naturally found ingredients have given the beauty industry chemical-free and environmentally responsible options. Mumbai-based Rubeina Karachiwalla, founder, Ruby Organics, an organic make-up line says, "According to a report by Transparency Market Research, the Indian organic غير مجاز مي باشدmetic market is expected to become a Rs 10,000 crore market by 2018 with a CAGR of 20-25 per cent, while the global market share is expected to rise to billion by 2018 with a CAGR of 9. "Taking inspiration from them, I started working in R&D, making my own products sourced from natural minerals, seed butters, beeswax and oils that are abundantly available in nature and do the same job." So, she literally went in search of wholesome ingredients for her line of products. All seeking to purify our beauty routines, while giving back to earth, the commonality of these cleanse-preneurs is their staunch belief in their trade. Two months since the launch, she has already seen over 30 per cent repeat customers. Rubeina Karachiwalla’s Ruby Organics offers an organic and natural make-up range, the first of its kind